The United Kingdom:


Introduction to the UK:

UK Climate

Factors that affecct UK Climate:

Rainfall

Key processes in the water cycle:

Types of rainfall:

Anticyclones and Depressions

Anticyclones are areas of high pressure which form when air sinks. This means no clouds are formed and winds are weak. They move in a clockwise direction across the UK. Depressions are areas of low pressure which form when air rises. They usually move across Britain from West to East and bring most of our rain and cloud.

UK Multiculturalism

Multiculturalism is the presence of several distinct cultural or ethnic groups within a society. The ethnic mix of the UK has changed over time.

Table of Multiculturalism in the UK.

This data could be presented using a pie chart or a composite bar chart.

Economic Change:

The UK's economy has drastically changed over time. This data could be presented the same way as the data of the ethnic mix in the UK.

Table of Economic Change in the UK.

Most models are based on the UK’s economic development which took quite a long time to materialize. However, there are now new superpowers emerging that have developed much more quickly. An example of this is China.

Deprivation

To determine if a place or person is deprived (lacking access to something), the index of multiple deprivation is used.

The IMD uses 7 measures to help understand if a place is deprived:

Table of deprivation in the UK.

This data could be represented using a line graph.

The cycle of deprivation: This can start anywhere and some parts are interchangeable: Poor living conditions, poverty, ill-health, poor education, poor skills.

Tourism

5 most visited cities in the UK:

Table showing the top 5 most visited cities in the UK.

5 most visited attractions in the UK:

Table showing the top 5 most visited attractions in the UK.

Africa

Africa's physical diversity

Africa will not have much precipitation at all in countries in deserts like Egypt. However, countries like Mali het 1120mm rainfall a year, whereas Egypt only gets 29mm on average.

Biomes are large-scale ecosystems with a similar climate and landscape, where similar animals and plants live. Biomes in Africa include rainforests, deserts, semi-deserts, grassland, savanna, and woodland/scrub.

Volcanic theory:

There are different layers of the Earth, there is the crust, the mantle, the outer core, and the inner core. Volcanoes commonly occur at a destructive plate boundary, when an oceanic plate subducts beneath a continential plate.

There are different shaped volcanoes that are created, depending on the lava type. If the lava is sticky, or in other words has high levels of viscosity, the lava will not run very far before cooling, creating a steep volcano – these are called composite volcanoes. Contrastingly, low levels of viscosity mean the lava will run further, creating flatter volcanes, which are called shield volcanoes.

Images of a composite volcano and a shield volcano.

Volcanic Hazards:

Lake Nyos:

Lake Nyos is in Cameroon. It is a volcano that had a crater formed by gas explosions in bedrock. Under usual conditionns the gas is held at the base of the lake by the water above. Volcanic gases including carbon dioxide seep upwards through the rock from underlying magma. As earthquake triggered a land slide which disrupted the lake water, allowing the trapped gas to escape. Estimated 1 billion meters cubed of carbon dioxide was released in one hour. Heavier than air, carbon dioxide flows down the sides of the volcano in a 50m thick cloud and into the valleys. 1700 people and 3000 cattle died. Animal life killed, including insects.

At least 10,000 people were displaced due to the Lake Nyos disaster. The priority of the Cameroon government and the United Nations was to allow these people back to their local area once the lake is deemed safe. This took 33 years. They could not let people go back until the lake was deemed gas free and safe, and this took way longer than anticipated. They were eventually allowed to return in 2019! A comprehensive de-gassing scheme was built. In 2001 a large pipe wa installed deep into the 200m lakee, where thee gas concentrated. Later, in 2011, 2 more pipes were installed as the process was taking too long. These pipes used a chemical reaction from the water and then extract the gas from the water. It w2as a slow, steady process, but the lake is now free of carbon dioxide, for now...

Urban Africa:

Rural Africa:

Rural Africa often has limited infrastructure, with poor roads, unreliable electricity, and minima access to clean water and sanitation. Healthcare and schools are scarce and under-resource, and internet access remains spotty. Despite some progress, basic services and connectivity still lag far behind urban areas. Rural Africa typically has a young population, with high birth rates and a large proportion of children and youth. The population and density is generally low, with people spread across vast areas in small villages or farming communities. Many rural regions rely on agriculture, and households are often large and extended. While some areas are slowly urbanizing, rural populations still make up a significant share of many African countries.

Fairtrade:

An example of fairtrade: For a banana to get to the supermarket shelves, the following individuals/groups are involved:

For the sake of this example, a bunch of bananas costs £1. The stakeholders recieve:

Reasons why this is unfair is because the farmers and the owners are the ones doing the hard work, the manual labour, and the other stakeholders have their job much easier. Fairtrade can lead to an increased wage for manual labour workers, better health, education, skills, employment, children, meals, it can benefit them in many ways.

Middle East

The middle East can be seen as central on the world map but is slightly towards the East. There are 19 countries in the Middle East. They are Libya, Sudan, Egypt, Afghanistan, Iran, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Kuwait, Jordan, Palestine, Israel, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman, and Yemen.

Arabian Desert:

The Arabian Desert is located mostly in Saudi Arabia, with most of the country covering it other than the south East, the North-East of Yemen, North-West of Oman, Kuwait, Qatar, South of the UAE, South-East of Jordan, and South of Iraq. It is not very far from the Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, the Arabian Sea, and the Persian Gulf.

Sand dunes are mounds of sand that mostly form around an obstacle. The wind in a desert moves the sand across the vast open spaces, and in turn creates a variety of dunes within the landscape. Deserts have lots of sand as their primary rock is sedimentary, and over a very long period of time the wind errodes the rock, causing it to break down into sand.

The climate of a desert means there is limited biodiversity in a desert, and for the animals and plants that live there, there is absolute need for them to adapt to survive.

Camel adaptations:

Date Palm Tree adaptations

Syria and Turkey Earthquake

Map of the Earthquake

Syria and Turkey are in the top-left of the Middle East. These countries had an earthquake at the border.

Diagram of Earthquake #1. Diagram of Earthquake #2

The epicenter is the point where the earthquake actually occurs. The focus is in the epicenter, the focus is where the earthquake is strongest, the epicenter is where the seismic waves come from.

Conservative plate boundary:

At a conservative plate boundary, 2 tectonic plates slide past each other, but due to friction, they often become stuck instead of moving smoothly. As the plates try to move, tension builds up over time becuse they are being forced in different directions. Eventually, the stress becomes too great, causing a sudden release of built-up energy, which is felt on the surface as an earthquake.

Components of an earthquake:

Impacts:

Population and Migration

In the UAE, for example, many young men are migrating there to be able to work as there are many business opportunities in the UAE. Because of this, there is a huge gap between the amount of males and the amount of females in the Emirates.

Population at 1950

Population pyramid of the UAE at 1950.

The cause of the rise in male working age population in the UAE (and many other Middle Eastern countries), and the small rise in women off this age is initially, oil – lots of jobs have been created in oil extraction which caused mass migration from a variety of countries, including HICs.






The average wage of these combined jobs is £70,000.

Note: It is not just oil and economic growth that has caused population change, the war in Syria has lead to lots of refugees and changes in population.

Syria: Conflict and Refugees:

Asia

Locational Physical Geography of Asia

Central Asia, where the Himalayas are located, is what is surrounding the Plateau of Tibet.

The Himalayas:

The Gobi Desert:

Ganges Delta:

How does the climate vary around Asia?

The 3 main climate regions found in Asia are:

Monsoon:

A monsoon climate has a non-constant climate throughout the months while the equatorial climate has a relatively consistent climate compared to a monsoon climate. The temperature is similar but the monsoon climate has huge bursts of rain in a short period of time. The average rainfall in an equatorial climate is still much greater compared to the UK.

Monsoon season:

Mangroves:

Mangroves are found on coastal areas. Commonly found in South-East Asia and is also found in the North end of Oceania. Found in Mexico, North of South America and the Carribean Islands. Most mangrove habitats are on/near the equator.

Effects:

Economical:

Environmental:

Why are mangroves environmentally sustainable?

Hazards — Tsunamis:

Tsunamis occur when the land meets the sea. Found on coastlines. High concentration in Asia, especially East and South-East Asia. Tsunamis occur on plate boundaries. The majority of tsunamis (approx.. 90%) occur in the Pacific Ocean. Lituya bay, Alaska, 09/07/1958 -- tectonic activity/ earthquake triggered a landslide – 1720ft/524m. Largest death toll from a tsunami over 289,000 from boxing day tsunami in 2004. A tsunami is a giant sea wave (means harbor wave in Japanese) caused by a displacement of water.

Here's how a normal wave works:

And here's how a tsunami wave works:

Rivers in Asia:

Drainage basin of a River:

Image of the drainage basin of a river.

Long profile diagram:

Long profile diagram of a river.

River Ganges:

River deltas:

  1. Rivers like the Ganges transport large amounts of sediment from erosion.
  2. When the river meets the sea the channel becomes wider very quickly and due to the changing tides the water can be very shallow.
  3. Friction increases because of the shallow water.
  4. The river velocity falls.
  5. The river begins to deposit it’s load – the larger pieces first.
  6. Smaller pieces of sediment are carried further to sea.
  7. Sediment builds into a triangle shape as the total range in the bay is small.
  8. The river channel splits into smaller distributaries forming small islands called Eyots.

Russia Population:

The population density gets more at the west-side of Russia and lessens as you move more towards the East. There's more people near the key cities and near the rivers. Nobody lives right at the top of Siberia. This is because it is too cold in the Eastern part of Russia and general quality of life is better towards the West and the cities with lots of opportunities. Average January in Eastern Russia is –40°C in the winter. There’s lots of mountains towards the East and flatter land towards the West making agriculture easier.

Image of population pyramid of Russia.
  1. There has been a decline in population because they have had a high death rate and a very low birth rate.
  2. This happened because women want equality and want to have good careers in their life without worrying to look after their children.
  3. The economy will decline if this keeps going on because there would be less people to pay taxes in the future.
  4. A Pro-Natalist policy is the policy in Russia where people will get added benefits and perks if they have larger families.

This scheme has been successful so far but we need to see in the future for a proper answer, and there is a war as well.

China's one child policy:

During the mid 20th century the Chinese people were encouraged to have large families to meet the philosophy that ‘a large population gives a strong nation’ which is a communist idea. This meant that every three years the population grew by 55 million people. In 1979, the government decided to try and control population growth. To do this they realised that a family should have no more than 1.5 children. Although this is impossible it takes into account that some families will have one pregnancy that results in more than one child e.g. twins or triplets.

Carrot policies:

Stick policies:

There is birth tourism, where children were born in another country and then brought back to China. Still, lots of illegal children were born. There was too many old people and not enough young. Then it was changed to a 2 child policy. Lots of one-sided propaganda. Lots of leftover men because couples did not want a girl as there only child. Another effect is 400 million births prevented.

Megacities:

There has been a significant increase in the number of megacities in the past 20 years and a change in the location of these. Asia accounts for at least half of thes4e. By 2030, approx. 9% of the world’s population will live in these megacities. The overall pattern is that most megacities are found in Asia. 9 of the top ten megacities are located in Asia.

Economic change:

Globalization is a term used to describe the world becoming more interconnected. There has been a gradual process from 1500 to present day, where as technology (communication and transport) has improved, the world has become more interconnected.

There has been improvements in technologies (Wi-Fi, transport, planes and containerization). Globalization is the increasing connection between people an places. People and places rely on each other – everything is becoming interdependent. Time-space compression is that the size of the world is metaphorically getting smaller.

Factories are moving from core countries to developing countries. This is because there are much cheaper labor prices there. What remains in the core countries are the headquarters because there is a more highly skilled workforce in those countries. The BRIC’s countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China) are expected to grow a lot. Exportalisation is where cheap new goods are processed into consumer goods for a high profit. Everything is becoming more interconnected.

How has China become the world's second largest economy?

Transnational Corporations (TNCs):

A TNC is a corporation that operates in multiple corporations around the world. Their headquarters would be in a richer part of the world and factories are found in mostly Asia because of cheaper production costs and cheaper labor. Of £100 of clothes, the worker’s wages are very low. TNCs are getting high profits and the workers only get 0.4%.

80% of Bangladesh’s global exports is clothing. American companies are relocating to Bangladesh from China. Chinese factories are moving to Bangladesh because of cheaper labour.

Pros:

Cons:

North and South America

Introducing North and South America:

Biomes:

Countries in North America

Countries in South America:

Introducing Rainforests:

Rainforest climate: In rainforests, the temperature stays stable throughout the year, ranging from 26°C to 28°C. There is rain all year with over 2000mm of annual rainfall. The rainfall isn’t absent but decreases in the summer months, not dropping below 50mm and then in the wet season, the average monthly rainfall is in the range between 250 – 300mm.

Rainforest layers (from bottom to top):

Deforestation in the Amazon

The rate of deforestation increased by 29% from the previous years. The price of beef increased in 2019, leading to vast quantities of rainforest cleared to raise their livestock and earn a profit. There are more soybean farmers because many people switched for milk alternatives because cow products were expensive. Soy farmers use old cattle ranches to grow their crops because they have easier access routes, forcing cattle ranchers deeper into the forest where they clear more land. Hydroelectric dams takes up a lot of space, so does the access routes and infrastructures. The forest code was changed by Brazil so it was easier to claim a deforestation license. One reason Brazilians may support deforestation is because deforestation and its uses earns the country a lot of money. The prices of products such as soy would increase if soybean farming was banned in Brazil because there would be a short supply but the same demand. What is meant by the term ‘biodiversity’ is the variety of life found in a place on Earth. The Amazon is known as the ‘lungs of the Earth’ because it has many, many trees, so it absorbs vast amounts of carbon dioxide, which is the biggest greenhouse gas, and it gives oxygen for everyone and everything to breathe. The Amazon is known as the "world's largest medicine cabinet” because it contains an incredibly diverse range of plant and animal species, many of which have medicinal properties. Scientists are keen to protect the amazon because there are likely to be many more undiscovered species and potential cures yet to be found.

Impacts:

Hurricanes:

The hurricanes are found between North and South America. Because of climate change areas North and South of the equator get more powerful hurricanes more often.

Parts of a hurricane:

Yellowstone Supervolcano:

A supervolcano is a volcanic eruption that is 1,000 times larger than a normal volcanic eruption. Super volcanoes are VEI 8. There are 20 supervolcanoes in the world.

The stages in the creation of a supervolcano:

Yellowstone is located within Yellowstone National Park, within the USA. The area of the caldera is approximately 1,600 square miles. The hot springs are regularly observed. Wyoming experiences 1,000 to 3,000 earthquakes per day.

The supervolcano erupted approximately 600,000 years ago. Recent research shows the ground has been uplifting 1.4cm a year for the last 50 years.

If it erupted

Mexico USA Migration:

Push factors are reasons that force people to move out. Pull factors are factors that attract people to a place/country.

Push factors of Mexico:

Pull factors of USA:

Debate: Should we build a wall?

3 people FOR building a wall:

3 people AGAINST building a wall:

Living conditions in Rio De Janeiro:

South America Drug Trafficking:

The sourcing, creation and distribution/sale of drugs that are subject to drug prohibition laws. Argentina and Chile are not making a lot of drugs. Neither the smaller countries Northeast of Mexico. 60% of all cocaine in South America is produced in Colombia. And Guyana, Surinam and French Guinea.

Impacts:

Map of drug routes in Central America, 2020.

Introducing Rio De Janeiro

Located at the South-East of Brazil. On the coast, near cities like Sao Paulo, Campinas and Belo Horizonte. Parts of it look industrial but it has some economic inequality.

Significance of Rio on a regional scale:

Significane of Rio on a national scale:

Significane of Rio on an international scale:

Rural Urban Migration

Carribean Tourism:

Why people visit the Carribean:

Top 3 most popular places in Carribean (2022):

  1. Dominican Republic.
  2. Puerto Rico.
  3. Jamaica.

Impacts: